Plantation's Past · The Estate Records · 1856 Return

1856 Return

36 documents · February 2, 1856 to January 15, 1857 · Houston County Court of Ordinary

The piano was purchased in December 1849 for $260. On March 1, 1856, it left the house for $260. Seven years. Same price.

— 1856 Annual Return, Estate of James A. Bryan · March 1, 1856

The 1856 return is the distribution year. On March 1, land, livestock, and personal property are formally divided among the heirs. The rosewood piano leaves the house. Fifty-two bales of cotton go to market across four buyers, prices ranging from 8¼ to 12⅛ cents in a single season. Three students are in school. Cornelius Bryan is overseeing the plantation's day-to-day operations. In December, Abner Bryan travels to the Macon jail. The estate that distributed its assets in March is purchasing cotton seed in December for the following year's crop. The plantation does not pause between distribution and planting.

Bales Sold 52
Cotton Income $2,731
Documents 36
Piano — Bill of Sale $260

From the Record · 🚩 marks a notable detail.
The Day the Piano Left 🚩

On March 1, 1856, the formal distribution of the estate of James A. Bryan is recorded. Wilkinson M. WhitehurstNancy's husband — receives his distributive share: land for $681, mule Martha for $130, and the rosewood piano for $260. The piano was purchased from the Virgin Brothers in Macon in December 1849 for $260. It was tuned by G.E. Schloth in June 1853 for $5. It was being maintained and played through 1855. On March 1, 1856, Whitehurst pays the same price for it that the estate paid in 1849 — it has held its value exactly across seven years.

The piano leaves the Bryan house on the Sandbed Road and does not return. Everything else distributed that day — mules, horses, plows, land parcels — is also divided. But the piano is the only item in the distribution that had already been named in the record, already placed in the household, already connected to the life of the house. Its departure closes something the documents had been building since 1849.

Fifty-Two Bales, Four Buyers 🚩

The 1856 cotton harvest moves to market in five separate transactions through two brokers. Eight bales in September to D.R. Rodgers at 10½ cents — $406.03 net. Eight more to Knott & Hollingsworth at 8¼ cents — $316.70. Eight bales in October to John S. Nelson at 12⅛ cents — $467.48. Twenty-one bales in December to Atha & Granniss at 11⅝ cents — $1,158.73. Seven more through Adams & Reynolds at 11⅝ cents — $382.80. Fifty-two bales total, $2,731 in cotton income.

The price variation — 8¼ to 12⅛ cents in a single season — reflects timing, bale quality, and market conditions month by month. Each bale is numbered and weighed to the pound. The estate that formally divided its land and personal property in March is running its largest bale count since 1854 through the fall.

Cornelius as Overseer 🚩

Cornelius Bryan receives $234 for overseeing the plantation in 1856 and $180 for the hire of two people — $414 total, paid January 5, 1857. He was running estate errands in Macon in 1855, witnessing receipts, a visible operational presence. By 1856 he is formally the overseer — the man responsible for day-to-day plantation management while Robert administers from the same property. The two brothers divide the estate's labor: Robert handles the ledgers, the brokers, the court filings, the medical practice; Cornelius manages the field operations and the hired-out arrangements.

James S. at Crosland's 🚩

J.E. Crosland receives $115 for the tuition of James S. Bryan — one year at $24, board for nine and a quarter months at $90, Davies' Arithmetic and Weld's Grammar at $1. Abner studied Latin, advanced mathematics, and chemistry at Crosland's across 1854 and 1855. James S. is working through arithmetic and grammar — the foundational curriculum, a younger student in the same schoolroom, his board and instruction paid from the same estate account.

Avery and the Macon Jail 🚩

Oliver Porter, Justice of the Inferior Court, receives $12.86: jail fees for Boy Avery of the Estate of J.A. Bryan. On the same date the ledger records $1.75 in expenses for Abner Bryan to and from the Macon jail. The charges against Avery and the circumstances are not stated in the document. Abner makes the trip — the estate pays both the fees and the travel. The jail fees are recorded between a blacksmith bill and a tuition payment, as a routine expense. Oliver Porter signs the receipt. The ledger moves on.

One Ton of Cotton Seed 🚩

D.H. Jackson receives $36.75 for one ton of cotton seed. This is not a sale — it is a purchase. One ton plants roughly 30 to 50 acres. The estate distributed its land and personal property in March. It sold fifty-two bales through the fall. It is paying school tuition for three students. And in December it is buying seed for a crop that will not be harvested until the following autumn. The estate continues operating through its own distribution. The land keeps its cycle regardless of what the ledger records about ownership.

The Pin 🚩

E.J. Johnston & Co. receives $10.00 for one ladies pin. A single decorative pin, $10 — charged to the estate account in September, the same month eight bales of cotton sell for $316 and the Asher Ayres provisioning order goes out for kersey and mackerel. Someone in the household wanted this pin enough for Robert to put it on the estate account. The ledger records it without elaboration, between a blacksmith account and a cotton transaction, as it records everything else.


Named in the Record

Enslaved People

Named and documented individuals appearing in the 1856 return. 🚩 marks a notable detail.

Name Date What the record shows
Avery Dec 15, 1856 Jail fees — $12.86 paid to Oliver Porter, Justice of the Inferior Court. Receipt reads: "Boy Avery of the Est of J.A. Bryan." Charges and circumstances not stated. Abner Bryan travels to the Macon jail the same day — $1.75 expenses. May be Amos from the 1847 inventory ($500) — if so, nine years between inventory and jail entry. 🚩
Two unnamed Jan 5, 1857 Hired out through Cornelius Bryan — $180 for two for the year. Part of Cornelius's overseer arrangement.
20 unnamed Dec 2, 1856 20 blankets from J.B. & W.A. Ross — $22.50 at $1.12½ each. Annual winter provisioning. Same quantity as 1855 — consistent household size across years. 🚩

Named in the Record

Bryan Family

Name Role What the record shows
Robert C. Bryan Administrator / physician Final formal distribution March 1, 1856. Manages 52-bale cotton year across two brokers. Three student accounts. Medical accounts at Heywood's ($40.42) and Shannon & Co. (botanical, including cupping instruments $7.50). Charged $65 to the estate as Secretary, January 1856. Receives $820 as distributee and plows and gear ($20) on March 1.
Cornelius Bryan Overseer / distributee Receives land share $681 and horse George $125 on March 1. Also paid $234 for overseeing the plantation and $180 for hire of two people — $414 total, January 1857. First formal overseer payment in the returns. 🚩
Abner Bryan Heir Travel expenses to and from Macon jail — $1.75, December 15, 1856. Same date as jail fees for Avery. 🚩
Nancy Bryan Whitehurst Heir Husband W.M. Whitehurst receives distributive share March 1: land $681, mule Martha $130, piano $260. Whitehurst also provides Laura's tuition and clothing — $16.30, December 22.
James S. Bryan Student One year at J.E. Crosland's school — tuition $24, board nine and a quarter months $90, Davies' Arithmetic, Weld's Grammar. $115 total, paid January 5, 1856. In the same schoolroom where Abner studied 1854–1855. 🚩
Honora Bryan Student Board 8.5 months at H.M. Holtzclaw's school in Perry — $102. Spring and fall tuition — $32. Books — $1.27. Total $135.27, paid December 29, 1856. Enrolled under her family name Thompson Bryan on the school account. 🚩
Laura Bryan Minor / student Tuition $8.60, clothing sundries $7.70 — $16.30 total, paid to W.W. Whitehurst, December 22, 1856. Education continuing under Whitehurst family supervision.

Named in the Record

Businesses & Service Providers

Name What the record shows
Patten Collins & Co. Primary cotton broker — four separate sales to four different buyers, September through December. Also bagging, rope, twine, salt, steel, iron, wagon repair. 🚩
Adams & Reynolds Secondary cotton broker — seven bales December at 11⅝ cents, $382.80 net.
J.B. & W.A. Ross Year-end provisioning — 20 blankets $22.50 (December); shoes, 10 blankets, coffee, 505 yards osnaburgs, cheese — $79.27 (January 1857).
Asher Ayres February — rice, iron bars, salt, $17.77. September — 90 yards kersey, rope, bagging, mackerel — $79.47. Annual kersey distribution and provisioning continuing.
J.A. / I.N. Shannon & Co. Multiple accounts — botanical and allopathic medical supplies throughout the year. Cupping instruments $7.50. Quinine, lobelia, golden seal, iodide potassa, prickly ash, gelsemin, leptandrin. Robert purchasing from multiple Shannon family firms simultaneously. 🚩
C.W. Heywood Allopathic medical account — $40.42 for the year. Quinine, opium, castor oil, syringe, charcoal, muriatic acid, mustard.
N.B. Thompson & Son Full-year dry goods — $100.88 net. Calico, drill, homespun, alpaca, merino, hose, boots, brogans, gingham, cottonade, silk, powder, shot, mantilla, grindstone.
J.W. Mann Full-year household account — $99.86. Muslin, merino, silk, jeans, cambric, velvet ribbon, wool hats, prints delaine, alpaca, drill, shoes. Black silk $27 — the single most expensive item in the account. 🚩
J.E. Crosland James S. Bryan's tuition — $115. One year, nine and a quarter months board, Davies' Arithmetic, Weld's Grammar.
H.M. Holtzclaw Honora Bryan's board and tuition — $135.27. 8.5 months board, spring and fall terms, books. School is in Perry.
Houston Factory Wool carding — 36 lbs at 10 cents, $3.60. Sheep maintained on the plantation across multiple years; wool processed at the local mill annually. 🚩
D.H. Jackson One ton cotton seed — $36.75, December 3, 1856. Seed purchase for the 1857 crop during the distribution year. 🚩
E.J. Johnston & Co. One ladies pin — $10.00, September 27, 1856. Single decorative item, charged to the estate account. 🚩
Oliver Porter J.I.C. Jail fees for Boy Avery — $12.86, December 15, 1856. Justice of the Inferior Court, Macon.
Jefferson Tankersley for J.B. Wiley Toby Sofky toll bridge — $8.00, March 26, 1856. Same crossing documented in every return since 1847.
Wilson Smith Two pairs negro shoes, two sides plantation leather, wheat thrash — $19.95. Account from 1853–1854, settled April 1856.

Sept 1856 10½¢ / lb 8 bales — D.R. Rodgers
Sept 1856 8¼¢ / lb 8 bales — Knott & Hollingsworth
Oct 1856 12⅛¢ / lb 8 bales — John S. Nelson
Dec 1856 11⅝¢ / lb 28 bales — two buyers

52 bales across five transactions — the widest price range in the returns, from 8¼¢ to 12⅛¢ in a single season. The October sale to John S. Nelson at 12⅛¢ is the highest price per pound recorded in the estate to this point.